# Lipset's indicators for the survival of democracy

## Usage

    data(LR)
    data(LC)
    data(LM)
    data(LF)

## Description

This data set is taken from Lipset (1959), as used by Rihoux and De Meur (2009), Cronqvist and Berg-Schlosser (2009) and Ragin (2009).

## Format

A data frame containing 18 rows and the following 6 columns:

`DEV`
Level of development
`URB`
Level of urbanization
`LIT`
Level of literacy
`IND`
Level of industrialization
`STB`
Government stability
`SURV`
Survival of democracy during the inter-war period.

## Details

There are four different versions of the Lipset data:

`LR`
contains the raw data
`LC`
is the same data calibrated to binary crisp sets
`LM`
is calibrated to multi-value sets
`LF`
is calibrated to fuzzy-sets

The causal conditions are:

`DEV` referring to the level of development: in the raw data is the GDP per capita (USD), calibrated in the binary crisp version to 0 if below 550 USD and 1 otherwise. For the multi-value crisp version, two thresholds were used: 550 and 850 USD.

`URB` is the percent of the population in towns with 20,000 or more inhabitants, calibrated in the crisp versions to 0 if below 50% and 1 if above.

`LIT` is the percent of the literate population, calibrated in the crisp versions to 0 if below 75% and 1 if above.

`IND` is the percent of the industrial labor force, calibrated in the crisp versions to 0 if below 30% and 1 if above.

`STB` is a “political-institutional” condition added to the previous four “socioeconomic” ones. The raw data has the number of cabinets which governed in the period under study, calibrated in the crisp versions to 0 if 10 or above and 1 if below 10.

The outcome is the column `SURV`, calibrated to 0 if negative, and 1 if positive raw data.

## References

Lipset, S. M. (1959) “Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy”, American Political Science Review vol.53, pp.69-105.

Cronqvist, L.; Berg-Schlosser, D. (2009) “Multi-Value QCA (mvQCA)”, in Rihoux, B.; Ragin, C. (eds.) Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, SAGE.

Rihoux, B.; De Meur, G. (2009) “Crisp Sets Qualitative Comparative Analysis (mvQCA)”, in Rihoux, B.; Ragin, C. (eds.) Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, SAGE.

Ragin, C. (2009) “Qualitative Comparative Analysis Using Fuzzy-Sets (fsQCA)”, in Rihoux, B.; Ragin, C. (eds.) Configurational Comparative Methods. Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and Related Techniques, SAGE.